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CHAPTER Ⅰ BACTERIA1

Saprophytic Luminous Species1

Classification6

Parasitic Luminous Species9

Symbiotic Luminous Species10

Structure11

Purpose of the Light;Uses to Man14

Immune Reactions14

Bacteriophage17

Culture Media and Metabolism18

Carbohydrates and Polyhydric Alcohols19

Organic Acids21

Nitrogen Sources22

Growth Curves24

Mutants26

Luciferin-luciferase Reaction30

Enzymes32

Relation to Oxygen33

Luminous Bacteria as Tests for Oxygen34

Luminescence and Oxygen Pressure36

Respiration and Oxygen Pressure37

Bacterial Luminescence and Cell Respiration38

Flash Kinetics42

Mechanism of Light Emission46

Reducing Action47

Relation to pH50

Osmotic Pressure53

Effect of Salts54

Permeability58

Effect of Radiation59

Visible Light59

Ultraviolet61

X-rays,Radium Rays,etc63

Electrons,Ionized Air,etc64

Effect of High-frequency Sound Waves64

Effect of Temperature64

Very Low Temperatures66

Very High Temperatures66

Luminescence-temperature Curve67

The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure70

Action of Drugs72

Narcotics and Anesthetics75

Sulfa Drugs76

Quinones77

Antibiotics78

Alkaloids and Glucosides79

Hormones79

Dyes80

Dinitrophenols80

Cyanide81

Carbon Monoxide81

Azide82

Arsenite83

Iodoacetate83

Fluoride83

Pyrophosphate83

Heavy Metals83

Effect of Heavy Water85

Intensity of Light Emission85

Spectral Distribution87

The Emission Spectrum87

Penetrating Radiation90

Biological Effects90

Efficiency of Light Production91

CHAPTER Ⅱ FUNGI96

Introduction96

Distribution of Luminescence;Classification97

Ascomycetes99

Basidiomycetes,Agaricales99

Basidiomycetes,Phallales107

Genetic Studies108

Histology110

Nutritional Requirements110

Relation to Oxygen112

Effect of Temperature113

Effect of Light114

Effect of Drugs114

Biochemistry115

Physical Properties116

CHAPTER Ⅲ PROTOZOA AND PORIFERA118

PROTOZOA118

Classification118

Radiolaria119

Structure121

Physiology and Biochemistry121

Dinoflagellates122

Colored Sea Water and Luminescence124

Possible Luminescence of Fresh Water Flagellates126

Classification126

Day and Night Rhythms of Luminescence128

Use of Light129

Morphology130

Physiology130

Noctiluca miliaris132

Structure133

Regulation of Density135

Tentacle Movement and Contractility136

Luminescence137

Biochemistry144

Physical Characteristics145

PORIFERA145

CHAPTER Ⅳ CNIDARIA148

CLASSIFICATION148

HYDROZOA149

Hydroids151

Hydromedusae153

Histology154

Physiology157

Biochemistry157

Siphonophora158

SCYPHOZOA160

Introduction160

Histology162

Physiology163

Electrical Stimulation163

Ion Effects164

Effect of Illumination166

Biochemistry167

ANTHOZOA168

Alceonacea and Gorgonacea169

Pennatulacea170

Luminescence of Zoophytes170

Histology171

Excitation and Transmission173

Inhibition175

Electroluminogram176

Effect of Salts176

Effect of Illumination177

Action of Drugs178

Biochemistry178

Physical Characteristics180

CHAPTER Ⅴ CTENOPHORA181

Introduction181

Luminescent Eggs183

Morphology185

Histology186

Physiology187

Effect of Illumination189

Relation to Oxygen193

Biochemistry193

CHAPTER Ⅵ MISCELLANEOUS SMALL GROUPS195

TURBELLARIA195

NEMERTINEA or RHYNCHOCOELA196

Introduction196

Histology197

Physiology and Biochemistry198

ROTATORIA199

POLYZOA(BRYOZOA ECTOPROCTA)199

CHAETOGNATHA201

ENTEROPNEUSTA OR HEMICHORDATA202

Histology203

Physiology204

Biochemistry204

CHAPTER Ⅶ ANNELIDA206

INTRODUCTION206

POLYCHAETA207

Aphroditidae,Polynoinae209

General209

Histology211

Physiology214

Biochemistry215

Alciopidae216

Tomopteridae216

Syllidae218

Swarming Reactions218

Histology221

Biochemistry222

Nereidae223

Chaetopteridae223

Histology225

Physiology228

Biochemistry229

Use of Light229

Cirratulidoe230

Terebellidae231

Histology232

Biochemistry233

OLIGOCHAETA233

General233

Region of Luminescence234

Use of Light236

Physiology236

Relation to Luminous Bacteria237

Biochemistry238

CHAPTER Ⅷ MOLLUSCA EXCEPT CEPHALOPODA242

CLASSIFICATION242

GASTROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA243

Pteropods244

Nudibranchs244

Plocamopherus245

Kaloplocamus248

Phyllirho?248

GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA253

Doliacea253

Heteropoda253

GASTROPODA PULMONATA254

Dyakia striata255

Latia neritoides256

PELECYPODA OR BIVALVIA259

Pholas dactylus259

Histology262

Biochemistry264

Use of Light267

Rocellaria grandis267

CHAPTER Ⅸ CEPHALOPODA269

INTRODUCTION269

VAMPYROMORPHA272

DECAPODA274

Squid Associated with Luminous Bacteria274

General274

Histology276

Bacteriology278

Squid Producing a Luminous Secretion,Heteroteuthis dispar281

Morphology and Histology281

Biochemistry282

Use of Light283

Squid with Photophores and Intracellular Luminescence283

Histology289

Physiology294

Biochemistry295

OCTOPODA296

CHAPTER Ⅹ CRUSTACEA297

CLASSIFICATION297

OSTRACODA299

General299

Life History302

Histology302

Luciferin and Luciferase305

Relation to Oxygen306

Oxidized Luciferin and Reversibility of the Reaction307

Specificity of Luciferin and Luciferase309

Purification of Luciferin310

Properties of Purified Luciferin312

Effect of Light313

Relation to Adenosine Triphosphate314

Structure of Luciferin314

Properties of Oxidized Luciferin317

Luciferin-Luciferase Combination317

Purification of Luciferase318

Properties of Luciferase318

Kinetics of Cypridina Luminescence319

Methods319

General Laws321

Mechanism of Light Emission324

Effect of Temperature325

Effect of Pressure327

Effect of H-Ion Concentration327

Effect of Salts328

Effect of Drugs and Narcotics329

Effect of Heavy Water329

Physical Characteristics of the Light329

COPEPODA331

General331

Morphology and Histology334

Biochemistry335

ISOPODA336

AMPHIPODA337

MYSIDACEA340

EUPHAUSIACEA OR SCHIZOPODA341

General341

Histology344

DECAPODA345

General345

Histology349

Physiology352

Biochemistry353

CHAPTER Ⅺ ARACHNOIDEA AND MYRIAPODA355

ARACHNOIDEA355

Araneae356

Pycnogonida357

MYRIAPODA357

Diplopoda358

Chilopoda359

Luminescence and Breeding Season361

Use of the Light362

Morphology and Histology362

Physiology and Biochemistry364

CHAPTER Ⅻ INSECTA EXCEPT COLEOPTERA366

Classification366

Collembola367

Orthoptera371

Isoptera371

Ephemeroptera372

Hemiptera372

Lepidoptera376

Luminous Caterpillars376

Adult Moths377

Arctia caja378

Diptera379

Midges380

Ceroplatus381

Platyura382

The New Zealand Glow-worm384

Hymenoptera387

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ COLEOPTERA389

INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION389

CANTHAROIDEA OR MALACODERMATA391

Lampyridae392

Fossils394

Morphology394

Eggs and Embryology396

Aquatic Fire-Fly Larvae400

Habits and Bionomics401

Histology407

Physiology and Time Relations of the Flash415

Mechanism of Flashing419

Relation to Oxygen421

Microscopic Observation of Light Emission426

Action Potentials427

Thermal Changes during a Flash427

Temperature and Luminescence428

Effect of Pressure430

Effect of Light431

Effect of Various Substances432

Luciferin and Luciferase435

Adenosine Triphosphate436

Purification and Properties of Luciferin437

Luciferase439

The Photogenic System in Different Fire-Flies439

Luciferesceine439

Flavin441

Lampyrine443

Enzymes443

Physical Properties of the Light444

Phengodidae447

Rhagophthalmidae450

Drilidae451

Diplocladon,theStar Worm451

Phrixothrix,theRailroad Worm452

ELATEROIDEA460

Elateridae460

Histology463

Physiology463

Biochemistry467

Physical Properties469

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ ECHINODERMATA472

Classification472

Cases of Doubtful Luminosity472

Ophiuroidea473

Biology474

Histology476

Physiology477

Biochemistry478

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ TUNICATA OR UROCHORDATA480

CLASSIFICATION480

LARVACEA481

THALIACEA482

Pyrosoma483

Histology and Embryology484

Physiology486

Biochemistry488

Physical Characteristics of the Light490

Salpa490

Histology491

ASCIDIACEA493

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ PISCES494

INTRODUCTION494

CHIMAERAE OR HOLOCEPHALI496

ELASMOBRANCHII496

Sharks496

Observations of Luminescence496

Histology500

Physiology and Biochemistry500

Rays502

TELEOSTOMI502

Accessory Eyes502

Observation of Luminescence503

Distribution of Luminous Deep Sea Fish504

Classification507

Fossil Luminous Fish509

Teleosts of Doubtful Luminosity509

Distribution of Light Organs511

Fish with Open Glands,Mostly Containing Luminous Bacteria512

Anacanthini,Macrouridae513

Anacanthini,Gadidae517

Bercycomorphi,Monocentridae518

Bercycomorphi,Anomalopidae520

Percomorphi,Acropomatidae525

Percomorphi,Leiognathidae526

Percomorphi,Serranidae528

Pediculati528

Lyomeri,Saccopharyngidae533

Fish with Skin Photophores535

Haplodoci,Batrachoididae535

Isospondyli and Iniomi539

ADDENDA555

BIBLIOGRAPHY556