AMNESTY，HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLITICAL TRANSITIONS BRIDGING THE PEACE AND JUSTICE DIVIDE【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Introduction1

Defining ’Amnesty’3

Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws7

Amnesties， International Law and Legal Claims-making7

Amnesties and the Views of Victims10

Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking12

Amnesties and Dealing with the Past13

Amnesty and Reconciliation16

Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws18

Creating the Amnesty Law Database22

Structure and Purpose of the Book24

Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking： Context and Content27

1Enacting Amnesties29

Introduction29

How are Amnesty Laws Introduced？30

Exercises of Executive Discretion31

Negotiated Peace Agreements32

Statutes33

Public Consultation34

Why Do States Introduce Amnesty？37

Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure41

Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation46

Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure61

Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition63

Amnesty as Reparation64

Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents66

Repeated and ’Rolling’ Amnesties68

Conclusion71

2 Whom do Amnesties Protect？ The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws75

Introduction75

Amnesties， Equality and the’Myth of Equivalency’76

How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances？82

State Agents85

Opponents of the State87

Non-Violent Political Prisoners88

Exiles and Refugees89

Foreign Nationals91

Can an Offender’s Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty？92

Ideology and Political Offenders93

Duress96

Self Protection and Personal Gain97

Victim-Perpetrator Axis98

Importance of Rank： Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility100

Amnesty for Subordinates？100

Amnesty for Superiors？102

Individual u Blanket Amnesties110

Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence？111

Conclusion113

3 Granting Immunity？ The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws117

Introduction117

Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty？118

Amnestying Atrocities？ Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law？123

Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently？135

Impinging on Individual Rights： Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat144

Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes？145

Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute148

Conclusion150

4 Towards Greater Accountability： The Role of Conditional Amnesties153

Introduction153

Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties？154

Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament156

Application Deadlines for Amnesties159

Amnesty and Repentance160

Amnesty and the Search for Truth163

Amnesty and Repairing the Harm171

Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice184

Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty189

Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties192

Conclusion197

Part Ⅱ Approach of Courts to Amnesties201

5 Implementing the Amnesty： The Approach of National Courts203

Introduction203

Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws204

How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws？209

Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law210

Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law218

Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine232

Learning from Experiences Elsewhere236

Promoting Peace and Reconciliation239

Disclosing or Concealing the Truth241

Conclusion244

6 International Courts and National Amnesty Laws247

Introduction247

Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable？248

Who has Standing？252

When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties？253

Potential to Create Change： How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties？261

Amnesties and Victims’ Rights： The Verdicts of the International Courts262

Right to a Remedy263

Duty to Investigate266

Duty to Prosecute and Punish270

Right to Reparations277

Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court279

Security Council Deferral （Article 16）282

Complementarity （Article 17）282

Non bis in idem （Article 20）285

Prosecutorial Discretion （Article 53）286

Conclusion291

7 Beyond Territoriality： Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties293

Introduction293

Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere294

Treaty Law295

Customary International Law299

Domestic Law302

Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States304

Role of Subsidiarity304

Executive Discretion308

Nexus Requirement’ and In Absentia Prosecutions309

Selectivity311

Ripple Effect’： The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties311

Conclusion314

Part Ⅲ Views of Stakeholder Groups317

8 Legal Obligations u Self-interest： The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty319

Introduction319

What Motivates International Actors’ Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes？321

Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties327

Diplomatic Pressure331

Economic Pressure340

Legal Pressure342

Military Pressure350

Conclusion351

9 Prioritising Needs： Amnesties and the Views of Victims355

Introduction355

Research on Victims356

Identifying Victims and their Needs358

How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims？365