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Chapter One The Ancient Near East：The Cradle of Civilisation(c.4000 B.C.-70 A.D.)1

Section One Mesopotamian Civilisation(c.4000-539 B.C.)2

Section Two Egyptian Civilisation(c.3100-c.332 B.C.)7

Section Three Other Early Civilisations(c.3000-c.147 B.C.)17

Section Four The Hebrew Civilization(c.2000 B.C.-c.70 A.D.)20

Section Five The Assyrian Empire(c.1000-612 B.C.)23

Section Six The Persian Empire(550-330 B.C.)25

Chapter Review27

Exercise28

Voices on Key Points29

Suggested Reading30

Chapter Two Greek Civilisation(c.2000-30 B.C.)31

Section One The Emergence of Greece(c.2000-1100 B.C.)32

Section Two Dark Age and Homer's World(1100-750 B.C.)36

Section Three Sparta and Athens：Greek City-States(750-500 B.C.)40

Section Four Greece in Classical Period(c.500-330 B.C.)44

Section Five The Hellenistic Era(330-30 B.C.)52

Chapter Review56

Exercise57

Voices on Key Points58

Suggested reading58

Chapter Three Roman Civilisation(753 B.C.-476 A.D.)60

Section One The Rise of Rome(753-509 B.C.)61

Section Two The Roman Republic(509-30 B.C.)64

Section Three The Eclipse of the Roman Republic(133-30 B.C.)68

Section Four The Roman Empire(30 B.C.-476 A.D.)73

Section Five Christianity in Rome(c.50 B.C.-313 A.D.)78

Section Six The Roman Culture(753 B.C.-476 A.D.)80

Chapter Review85

Exercise85

Voices on Key Points87

Suggested Reading87

Chapter Four Medieval Civilisation(476-c.1500)88

Section One The Emergence of the Medieval Civilisation(476-c.750)89

Section Two The Development of the Early Middle Ages(c.750-c.1000)102

Section Three Significant Changes of the High Middle Ages(c.1001-c.1300)109

Section Four The Decline of the Middle Ages(c.1300-c.1500)117

Chapter Review122

Exercise123

Voices on Key Points124

Suggested Reading124

Chapter Five The Age of the Renaissance(14th-17th Century)125

Section One The Rise of the Renaissance(14th-15th Century)126

Section Two Arts and Literature in the Italian Renaissance(Mid-1400s-Late 1500s)130

Section Three The Pattern of Politics in the Renaissance(1494-Early 1600s)135

Section Four The Natural Science in the Renaissance(15th-17th Century)138

Chapter Review140

Exercise141

Voices on Key Points142

Suggested Reading143

Chapter Six Protestant Reformation(1517-Late 16th Century)144

Section One The Launch of the Reformation(Second Half of the 15th Century-1516)145

Section Two German Protestant Reformation(1517-Early 16th Century)147

Section Three Reformation outside Germany(1520s-Late 16th Century)149

Section Four The Counter-Reformation(Mid-16th Century)156

Chapter Review158

Exercise159

Voices on Kev Points160

Suggested Reading161

Chapter Seven Early Modern Times(c.1419-1800)162

Section One Expansion of European Powers(c.1419-1800)163

Section Two Social Disturbance(Early 17th-Early 18th Century)and the Age of Absolutism(c.1550-1800)171

Section Three The Scientific Revolution(1543-1700)and the Enlightenment(c.1650-1800)180

Section Four The Last Phase of the Old Order(1715-1789)188

Chapter Review194

Exercise195

Voices on Key Points196

Suggested Reading197

Chapter Eight The Age of the Revolution and Industrialisation(1775-1860)198

Section One The Revolutionary Era(1775-1815)199

Section Two The Era of the First Industrial Revolution(1750-1860)207

Chapter Review215

Exercise215

Voices on Kev Points217

Suggested Reading217

Chapter Nine Modernity in Europe(1815-1914)218

Section One Suppression,Revolution，and Romanticism(1815-1850)219

Section Two Nationalism and Realism(1850-1871)227

Section Three The Age of Progress (1871-1894)235

Section Four Anxiety and Tension(1894-1914)242

Chapter Review251

Exercise252

Voices on Key Points253

Suggested Reading254

Chapter Ten World Wars and Post-war Era(1914-2000)255

Section One Wars and Revolutions(1914-1945)256

Section Two The Cold War and the New Era of the Western World(1945-2000)264

Chapter Review277

Exercise277

Voices on Key Points279

Suggested Reading279

Culture Link280

Proper Names293

Key to Exercise319

Bibliography358