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PART Ⅰ1

Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Historical Review of Communication1

1.2 Message,Information,and Signal2

1.3 Digital Communication3

1.3.1 Basic Concept3

1.3.2 Advantages of Digital Communication4

1.3.3 Digital Communication System Model5

1.3.4 Specifications of Digital Communication System7

1.4 Channel10

1.4.1 Wireless Channel10

1.4.2 Wired Channel15

1.4.3 Channel Models18

1.4.4 Influence of Channel Characteristics on Signal Transmission20

1.5 Noise in Channel23

1.6 Brief Summary25

Questions25

Exercises25

Chapter 2 Signals27

2.1 Classification of Signals27

2.2 Characteristics of Deterministic Signals28

2.2.1 Characteristics in Frequency Domain28

2.2.2 Characteristis inTime Domain35

2.3 Characteristics of Random Signals35

2.3.1 Probability Distribution of Random Variable36

2.3.2 Probability Density of Random Variable37

2.4 Examples of Frequently Used Random Variables38

2.5 Numerical Characteristics of Random Variable39

2.5.1 Mathematical Expectation39

2.5.2 Variance40

2.5.3 Moment41

2.6 Random Process41

2.6.1 Basic Concept of Random Process41

2.6.2 Stationary Random Process42

2.6.3 Ergodicity43

2.6.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectral Density of Stationary Random Process44

2.7 Gaussian Process49

2.8 Narrow Band Random Process53

2.8.1 Basic Concept of Narrow Band Random Process53

2.8.2 Characteristics of Narrow Band Random Process53

2.9 Sinusoidal Wave plus Narrow Band Gaussian Process55

2.10 Signal Transfer through Linear Systems57

2.10.1 Basic Concept of Linear Systems57

2.10.2 Deterministic Signal Transfer through Linear Systems57

2.10.3 Random Signal Transfer through Linear Systems61

2.11 Brief Summary63

Questions65

Exercises66

Chapter 3 Analog Modulation System68

3.1 Introduction68

3.2 Linear Modulation69

3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation(AM)70

3.2.2 Double-sideband Modulation(DSB)72

3.2.3 Single-Sideband Modulation(SSB)72

3.2.4 Vestigial Sideband Modulation(VSB)74

3.3 Nonlinear Modulation75

3.3.1 Basic Principles75

3.3.2 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of Modulated Signal77

3.3.3 Reception of Angular Modulated Signal79

3.4 Brief Summary80

Questions80

Exercises81

Chapter 4 Digitization of Analog Signal82

4.1 Introduction82

4.2 Sampling of Analog Signal82

4.2.1 Sampling of Low-Pass Analog signal82

4.2.2 Sampling of Band-Pass Analog Signal85

4.2.3 Analog Pulse Modulation88

4.3 Quantization of Sampled Signal88

4.3.1 Principles of Quantization88

4.3.2 Uniform Quantization89

4.3.3 Nonuniform Quantization91

4.4 Pulse Code Modulation97

4.4.1 Basic Principles of Pulse Code Modulation97

4.4.2 Natural Binary Code and Fold Binary Code98

4.4.3 Quantization Noise in PCM System100

4.5 Differential Pulse Code Modulation100

4.5.1 Principles of Differential Pulse Code Modulation100

4.5.2 Quantization Noise and Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio in DPCM System102

4.6 Delta Modulation103

4.6.1 Principles of Delta Modulation103

4.6.2 Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation System104

4.7 Brief Summary106

Questions107

Exercises107

Chapter 5 Representation and Transmission of Baseband Digital Signal108

5.1 Introduction108

5.2 Coding Method of Character108

5.3 Waveform of Baseband Digital Signal109

5.4 Symbol Code Types of Baseband Digital Signals for Transmission111

5.5 Frequency Characteristic of Baseband Digital Signal113

5.5.1 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of vc(t)115

5.5.2 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of uc(t)115

5.5.3 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of s(t)116

5.5.4 Examples of Power Spectral Density Calculation117

5.6 Transmission and Intersymbol Interference of Baseband Digital Signal118

5.6.1 Model of Baseband Digital Signal Transmission System118

5.6.2 Intersymbol Interference and Nyquist Criterion119

5.6.3 Partial Response System122

5.7 Eye Pattem126

5.8 Time-domain Equalizer128

5.8.1 Introduction128

5.8.2 Fundamental Principle of Transversal Filter128

5.8.3 Realization of Transversal Filter132

5.9 Brief Summary134

Questions135

Exercises135

Chapter 6 Elementary Digital Modulation System138

6.1 Introduction138

6.2 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying(2ASK)140

6.2.1 Basic Principle140

6.2.2 Power Spectral Density140

6.2.3 Symbol Error Probability142

6.3 Binary Frequency Shift Keying(2FSK)147

6.3.1 Basic Principle147

6.3.2 Power Spectral Density149

6.3.3 Minimum Frequency Space150

6.3.4 Symbol Error Probability151

6.4 Binary Phase Shift Keying(2PSK)155

6.4.1 Basic Principle155

6.4.2 Power Spectral Density157

6.4.3 Symbol Error Probability158

6.5 Binary Differential Phase Shift Keying(2DPSK)159

6.5.1 Basic Principle159

6.5.2 Power Spectral Density161

6.5.3 Symbol Error Probability161

6.6 Performance Comparison of Binary Digital Keying Transmission System164

6.7 M-ary Digital Keying165

6.7.1 M-ary Amplitude Keying(M-ASK)166

6.7.2 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying(M-FSK)167

6.7.3 M-ary Phase Shift Keying(M-PSK)171

6.7.4 M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying(M-DPSK)174

6.7.5 Amplitude/Phase Combination Keying(APK)178

6.7.6 Examples of M-ary Digital Keying Practical Systems180

6.8 Brief Summary181

Questions182

Exercises183

Chapter 7 Synchronization184

7.1 Introduction184

7.2 Carrier Synchronization Method185

7.2.1 Pilot Insertion Method185

7.2.2 Direct Extraction Method186

7.2.3 Performance of Carrier Synchronization189

7.3 Bit Synchronization192

7.3.1 External Synchronization192

7.3.2 Self Synchronization192

7.3.3 Influence of Bit Synchronization Error on Symbol Error Probability195

7.4 Group Synchronization196

7.4.1 Introduction196

7.4.2 Concentrated Insertion Method198

7.4.3 Dispersed Insertion Method200

7.4.4 Performance of Group Synchronization202

7.5 Network Synchronization203

7.5.1 Introduction203

7.5.2 Open-loop Method204

7.5.3 Closed-Loop Method206

7.6 Brief Summary208

Questions209

Exercises210

PART Ⅱ212

Chapter 8 Optimum Receiving of Digital Signal212

8.1 Statistical Characteristics of Digital Signal212

8.2 Optimum Reception Criterion of Digital Signal214

8.3 Optimum Receiver for Deterministic Digital Signal216

8.4 Symbol Error Probability of Optimum Receiver for Deterministic Digital Signal218

8.5 Optimum Receiving of Random Phase Digital Signal222

8.6 Optimum Receiving of Fluctuation Digital Signal225

8.7 Performance Comparison of Practical Receiver and Optimum Receiver226

8.8 Matched Filtering Receiving Principle of Digital Signal227

8.8.1 Matched Filtering Receiving of Digital Signal227

8.8.2 Correlation Receiving of Digital Signal231

8.9 Optimum Baseband Transmission System233

8.10 Brief Summary236

Questions237

Exercises237

Chapter 9 Multiplexing and Multiple Access239

9.1 Introduction239

9.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)241

9.3 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)242

9.3.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)244

9.3.2 Multiple Connection and Symbol Rate Justification246

9.3.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)249

9.4 Code Division Multiplexing(CDM)251

9.4.1 Basic Principles251

9.4.2 Orthogonal Code254

9.4.3 Pseudo-random Code256

9.5 Multiple Access261

9.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)262

9.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access263

9.5.3 Multiple Access Techniques for Local Area Networks270

9.6 Brief Summary274

Questions274

Exercises276

Chapter 10 Channel Coding and Error Control278

10.1 Introduction278

10.2 Basic Principles of Error Control Coding281

10.3 Performance of Error Correction System284

10.4 Parity-Check Codes285

10.5 Linear Block Codes287

10.6 Cyclic Codes292

10.6.1 Concept of Cyclic Codes292

10.6.2 Operation of Cyclic Codes293

10.6.3 Coding of Cyclic Codes296

10.6.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes297

10.6.5 Truncated Cyclic Codes297

10.6.6 BCH Codes298

10.6.7 RS Codes300

10.7 Convolution Codes300

10.7.1 Coding of Convolution Codes301

10.7.2 Decoding of Convolution Codes302

10.8 Turbo Codes and LDPC Codes306

10.9 Brief Summary309

Questions311

Exercises311

Chapter 11 Advanced Digital Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation314

11.1 Introduction314

11.2 Offset QPSK and π/4 QDPSK314

11.2.1 Offset QPSK314

11.2.2 π/4 QDPSK315

11.3 Minimum Shift Keying and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying316

11.3.1 Basic Principles of MSK Signals316

11.3.2 Phase Continuity of MSK Signals317

11.3.3 Orthogonal Expression of MSK Signals319

11.3.4 Generation and Demodulation of MSK Signals320

11.3.5 Power Spectrum of MSK Signals322

11.3.6 Symbol Error Probability of MSK Signals323

11.3.7 Gaussian MSK323

11.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing323

11.4.1 Introduction323

11.4.2 Basic Principles of OFDM324

11.4.3 Implementation of OFDM327

11.5 Trellis Coded Modulation329

11.5.1 Basic Concept of Trellis Coded Modulation329

11.5.2 Generation of TCM Signals330

11.5.3 Demodulation of TCM Signal332

11.6 Spread Spectrum Modulation333

11.6.1 Introduction333

11.6.2 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectum334

11.6.3 Frequency-Hopping SS336

11.6.4 Synchronization of SS Code337

11.6.5 Separation of Multipath338

11.7 Brief Summary340

Questions340

Exercise341

Chapter 12 Information Theory342

12.1 Entropy of Discrete Source342

12.2 Discrete Channel Model343

12.3 Joint Entropy and Conditional Entropy344

12.4 Noiseless Channel Capacity345

12.5 Source Coding347

12.5.1 Principles of Noiseless Channel Coding347

12.5.2 Efficiency and Classification of Source Coding350

12.5.3 Entropy of Extended Binary Source351

12.5.4 Shannon-Fano Code351

12.5.5 Huffman Code352

12.6 Capacity of White Additive Gaussian Noise Channel353

12.7 Brief Summary357

Questions357

Exercises358

Chapter 13 Communication Networks360

13.1 Types of Communication Networks360

13.2 Telephone Networks362

13.2.1 Structure of Telephone Networks362

13.2.2 Switch in Telephone Networks363

13.2.3 Signaling in Telephone Network363

13.2.4 Performance of Telephone Network365

13.3 Data Communication Networks366

13.3.1 Introduction366

13.3.2 Switches in Data Communication Networks367

13.3.3 Principles of Packet Switching368

13.3.4 Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model370

13.3.5 Architecture of Internet372

13.4 Integrated Services Digital Networks(ISDN)372

13.4.1 Narrow-band Integrated Services Digital Networks(N-ISDN)372

13.4.2 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network(B-ISDN)374

13.5 Vehicle Communication Network378

13.5.1 Introduction378

13.5.2 Cell Partition and Frequency Programming of Cellular Networks378

13.5.3 Constitution of Cellular Networks380

13.5.4 System of Second Generation Cellular Networks380

13.5.5 Third Generation Cellular Networks382

13.5.6 Satellite Vehicle Communication Networks383

13.6 Brief Summary384

Questions386

Exercises387

Chapter 14 Communication Security388

14.1 Introduction388

14.2 Single-key Cryptography Communication System389

14.3 Block and Stream Ciphers390

14.4 Information-Theoretic Approach for Cryptography391

14.4.1 Perfect Security392

14.4.2 Unicity Distance393

14.4.3 Role of Data Compression in Cryptography394

14.4.4 Diffusion and Confusion394

14.5 Data Encryption Standard396

14.6 Public Key Cryptography398

14.6.1 Basic Principles398

14.6.2 Diffie-Hellman Public Key Distribution399

14.7 RSA algorithm400

14.7.1 RSA Public Key Cryptographic System400

14.7.2 Application of RSA Algorithm in Digital Signatures401

14.8 Brief Summary402

Questions402

Exercises403

Appendix A Parseval's Theorem404

Appendix B Error function405

Appendix C ASCII code407

Appendix D CCITT No.5 code408

Appendix E China Standard 7 bit code409

Appendix F Bessel functions409

Appendix G Galois field GF(2m)410

Appendix H Often-Used Identities and Constants411

Abbreviations412

Glossary415

References420

Index423