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CHAPTER 1 Introduction1

1 The Forms of Literature1

2 What Do We Read for in Western Literature？3

CHAPTER 2 Fiction （1） The Novel5

3 What Is the Novel？5

3.1 By Etymology5

3.2 By Distinction6

3.3 By Analysis and Synthesis7

4 Kinds of the Novel9

4.1 By Length9

4.1.1 Full-length Novel9

4.1.2 Short Novel9

4.1.3 Trilogy10

4.1.4 Tetralogy10

4.2 By Subject Matter10

4.2.1 Picaresque Novel10

4.2.2 Gothic Novel11

4.2.3 Bildungsroman11

4.2.4 Kunstlerroman11

4.2.5 Psychological Novel12

4.2.6 Sociological Novel12

4.2.7 Proletariat Novel12

4.2.8 Novels of the Soil12

4.2.9 Romance13

4.3 By Technique13

4.3.1 Epistolary Novel13

4.3.2 The Novel of Ideas14

4.3.3 Roman a Clef14

4.3.4 The New Novel14

4.3.5 Nonfiictional Novel14

4.3.6 The Historical Novel15

5 Early Development of the Novel15

6 Elements of the Novel17

6.1 Story17

6.1.1 What Is Story？17

6.1.2 The Story and the Novel18

6.2 Character18

6.2.1 What Is Character？18

6.2.2 Kinds of Characters19

6.3 Plot21

6.3.1 What Is Plot？21

6.3.2 Phases of a Plot21

6.3.3 How Is a Plot Made？23

6.4 Theme25

6.4.1 What Is Theme？25

6.4.2 Clarification about Theme26

6.4.3 Five Requirements for Stating a Theme27

6.4.4 Where to Look for the Theme27

6.5 Setting28

6.6 Narrative Point of View29

6.6.1 What Is Point of View？29

6.6.2 What Is a Narrator？29

6.6.3 Kinds of Point of View29

6.6.4 Exercises31

7 Criticism of a Novel32

F.Scott Fitzgerald， The Great Gatsby37

CHAPTER 3 Fiction （2） The Short Story140

8 What Is a Short Story？140

8.1 Ancient Forms140

8.2 In the Modern Sense141

8.3 A Distinct Genre142

9 Learning to Read a Story143

Petronius， The Widow of Ephesus144

10 A Second Short Story for Study149

Anton Chekhov， Mise149

11 Learning to Respond157

W.Somerset Maugham， The Treasure158

12 Elements of the Short Story170

12.1 Setting171

12.2 Atmosphere171

12.3 Plot172

12.4 Character173

12.5 Theme173

13 Technique175

13.1 Point of View175

13.2 Symbolism176

13.3 Imagery178

13.4 Style178

13.5 Tone179

13.6 Irony180

14 Understanding Fiction Through Context of Situation—— Linguistic and Non-Linguistic182

14.1 Stories That Illustrate the Use of Dramatic Point of View183

Ernest Hemingway， Hills Like White Elephants192

Raymond Carver， Popular Mechanics196

D.H.Lawrence， The Shadow in the Rose Garden199

Katherine Anne Porter， Rope209

Ernest Hemingway， The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber215

Katherine Anne Porter， The Jilting of Granny Weatherall239

15 A Collection of Short Fiction247

Guy de Maupassant， The Necklace248

Kate Chopin， Ripe Figs254

The Story of an Hour255

The Storm257

Anton Chekhov， Enemies261

Charlotte Perkins Gilman， The Yellow Wallpaper271

James Joyce， Araby284

William Faulkner， A Rose for Emily288

Jorge Luis Borges， The Intruder295

Ernest Hemingway， Cat in the Rain299

16 Metafiction301

16.1 Definition301

16.2 Analysis of Three Examples301

John Barth， Lost in the Funhouse303

Julio Cortazar， Blow-Up320

Robert Coover， The Hat Act331

Essay Questions for Chapter 2 and Chapter3341

CHAPTER 4 Poetry343

17 Definition of Poetry343

17.1 Misconceptions about Poetry345

17.1.1 “Rhymed writings are poetry.”345

17.1.2 “Poetry is beautiful.”345

17.1.3 Poetic License345

17.1.4 Poetic Justice345

18 Kinds of Poetry346

18.1 Ballad346

18.2 Lyric347

18.3 Narrative Poem347

18.4 Epic347

18.5 Sonnet348

18.5.1 Shakespearean Sonnet348

18.5.2 Petrarchan Sonnet348

18.5.3 Spenserian Sonnet348

18.6 Ode349

18.7 Elegy349

18.8 Pastoral350

18.9 Blank Verse351

18.10 Free Verse351

19 Brief History of Poetry352

20 Elements of Poetry353

20.1 Rhyme353

20.2 Metrical Rhythm354

20.3 Tone355

20.4 Image356

20.5 Theme359

21 Poetic Devices359

21.1 Simile360

21.2 Metaphor360

21.3 Conceit361

21.4 Personification361

21.5 Symbol362

21.6 Paradox362

21.7 Ambiguity363

21.8 Onomatopoeia364

22. Criticism of Poetry364

22.1 General Questions364

22.2 About Elements of Poetry365

22.3 About Poetic Devices370

22.4 Comprehensive Analysis371

Robert Frost， Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening372

T.S.Eliot， The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock372

A.E.Housman， To an Athlete Dying Young376

They Say My Verse Is Sad： No Wonder377

Edgar L.Masters， Amanda Barker377

Wallace Stevens， Of Modern Poetry378

William B.Yeats， The Second Coming378

Charles Best， Sonnet of the Moon379

Essay Questions for Chapter4380

CHAPTER 5 Drama382

23 What Is Drama？382

24 Drama as Performance384

25 Reading Drama386

26 The Plot Structure388

27 The Rhythm of Tension and Release391

28 A Selection of Plays393

Eugene O’Neill， Desire under the Elms393

Tennessee Williams， Cat on a Hot Tin Roof445

Edward Albee， The Zoo Story545

William Inge， Picnic565

Discussion Questions for Chapter 5630

CHAPTER 6 Film633

29 Responding to Television and Film633

30 Film Techniques633

30.1 Shots633

30.2 Sequences634

30.3 Editing634

31 Fiction Film635

31.1 Genre Films635

31.2 Non-Genre Films636

31.2.1 Realism， Expressionism， and Comedy636

31.2.2 The French New Wave636

32 What to Write About638

32.1 The Individual Film638

32.1.1 Citizen Kane638

32.1.2 Last Year at Marienbad640

32.1.3 The Graduate640

32.2 General Questions That Might Help641

Discussion Questions for Chapter 6642

CHAPTER 7 Writing644

33 Writing about Literature —— Three Common Approaches644

34 Writing a Research Paper647

35 Some Critical Approaches648

36 Suggested Procedures650

37 The Mechanics of Writing651

38 The Format of the Research Paper653

38.1 Typing or Printing653

38.2 Margins653

38.3 Spacing654

38.4 Heading and Title654

38.5 Page Numbers654

39 Bibliographic Aids654

A Bibliography for Katherine Anne Porter’s “Flowering Judas”655

40 Sample Essays with Documentation659

A Case of Reification —— Character Study of Joe Christmas660

Faulkner and the American Nature Tradition669

Suggested Readings for Chapter 7682

Appendix： 15 Web Sites687